The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 1858 Words

Though the Cold War was mainly between the two super powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, it also encompassed their European allies, split by the Iron Curtain. It divided the world into the Warsaw pact and the NATO, cementing Europe’s role in the Cold War though its alliances. The constant threat of the nuclear weapons meant that the Cold War became more psychological war rather than of military actions1. .The United States developed their nuclear weapons to strengthen their own military potential after WWII, but the Soviet Russia took this to be more an offensive tactic after the bombs the devastation of the atomic bombs dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The Cold War then largely became an arms race, due to the†¦show more content†¦This brought together Great Britain, France, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Portugal together with the United States, creating N.A.T.O (North Atlantic Treaty Organis ation). This created a powerful alliance that threaten or contained the USSR’s power, which made them bring together all the Soviet bloc countries it dominated in Eastern Europe into the Warsaw Pact 2. With the Soviets creating and successful testing their first atomic bomb sooner than the Americans expected, it meant that the Americans had lost the strategic upper hand. The United States could no longer say that they had the power advantage from nuclear bombs, so set about creating more deadly weapon – ‘the H-Bomb’. Due to the threat of nuclear weapons, this stopped any involvement from the United States during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, that Russia crushed. The United States supported the ‘liberation of captive peoples’ 3within communist controlled areas, yet were unwilling to involve themselves in yet another war. (2) Due to the losses Europe experienced, Russia and the United States were on a power stage above the rest of the world, due to nuclear proliferation. Nuclear proliferation is ‘the spread of nuclear weapons, either by their acquisition by more states or other actors (horizontal proliferation), or their accumulation by established nuclear states

A Research Study About Maunalua Bay - 1113 Words

2. Study region 2.1 Site details Maunalua Bay is an 8 km embayment located on the island of OÊ »ahu, HawaiÊ »i, with three primary regions of groundwater discharge: Black Point, Kawaikui, and Wailupe (Richardson et al., 2015). Two of these groundwater-influenced coastal locations, Black Point and Wailupe, were considered for this study (Figure 1). Three sites (a, ‘high GW’; b, ‘intermediate GW’; and c, ‘low GW’ zones) that spanned a salinity gradient were monitored from each reef. Site A at Black Point was approximately 5 m offshore of the dominant groundwater submarine spring while site A at Wailupe was situated within 2 m of the dominant groundwater seep. These seeps are roughly 0.5 m in diameter and thought to be fed by preferential flow of†¦show more content†¦However, the groundwater endmembers are not uniform between the two locations as groundwater discharging at Black Point originates from an entirely separate aquifer than groundwater discharging at Wailupe. Previous studies have found marked differences in their respective nutrient compositions. (Ganguli et al., 2014, Swarzenski et al., 2014, Richardson et al., 2015). 2.2 Benthic structure Sand, rubble, and macroalgae dominate benthic cover at sites A and B at Black Point. Seasonal blooms of green macroalgae, Bryopsis pennata, which persisted in the water column and benthos at all sites, were occurring during our Black Point sampling event. Coral cover is highest along the outer perimeter of the reef flat (i.e., site C). Benthic cover at Wailupe is dominated by macroalgae with percent cover ranging from 30 - 50% on average (Amato, 2015). Sand and rubble constitute nearly 20 - 50% of the benthos at all sites. Corals are found predominantly offshore with cover estimated as 2 - 5% at site C while zoanthid cover peaks in the nearshore sites at 2 - 12% (Amato, 2015). 3. Methods 3.1 Long-term instrument deployments A portable NaI(TI) scintillation detector, or ‘GW Sniffer’ (Alpha Spectra, Inc.) was used to measure 222Rn in water over one hour integrated time periods using methods by Dulai et al. (2015). The GW Sniffer was encased in a steel house frame and deployed over a period of thirty days at Black Point (August 2015) and twenty five days at Wailupe (September 2015).

World War 1 Peace Conference - 1094 Words

Modern History Account for the different goals of the Big Three Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference The Paris Peace Conference took place in 1919 to set the peace terms for the defeated Central powers. Three men took charge called ‘The Big Three’ and they were President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain and George Clemenceau of France. The Conference was initially planned as a pre-meeting to set the terms of what they were going to ask from Germany, but the pre-meeting quickly became the meeting where the decisions were made because they each had different ideas about what the terms of the treaty should be. â€Å"The Big Three† During the Paris peace conference†¦show more content†¦Poland to become an independent State with access to the sea - An independent Polish state should arise which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish population, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea 14. League of Nations to be set up – a general association of nations to be formed up for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence to small states Many people in Britain and France disagreed with his fourteen point plan. Wilson also created the League of Nations which was an intergovernmental organization. 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Cell Phones Social Interactions In A Wireless Era - Free Sample

Question: Part A Locate the following article using the librarys electronic journal collection: Humphreys, Lee. 2005. Cellphones in Public: Social Interactions in a Wireless Era New Media Society 17(6): 810-833 The article describes and analyzes how people use and respond to cellphones in public spaces, more specifically, it is concerned with the question of how social norms of interactions in public spaces are mediated by cellphone behavior. Once the article is read, the following questions must be answered in the introduction of your study: What are the basic differences between a single and a with? How does the author define cross talk? What sort of examples are provided by the author? Identify and briefly describe the different stages or scenarios in which cellphone cross talk can occur. Part B Select and identify a public area on the university campus where you can observe cellphone behavior during three separate sessions of 30 minutes each. You may choose the same setting and time OR for variety, may decide on a different setting or time for each of the three 30 minute observations. Remember to include your justification for choosing the times locations of your observations in your essay. Arrive at the setting and choose a place where you can comfortably observe what people are doing. Bring a notepad for recording observations. As you design your study, briefly describe the question that was the focus of your research. Note that you can choose either to observe cellphone voice calling or texting or other cellphone activities but you must differentiate and choose one of them only to study. Whatever the objective, your research should consider the concept of cross talk and ideas presented by the author of the above article. Part C Take fields notes of your observations. Be as detailed as possible when describing the setting, and especially, the kinds of behaviors about cellphone use in public spaces you are witnessing. Use the following template for each of your three observations; Observation Number:____ Location:_____________ Description of the social environment:___________ Dates of observations:_____________ Time begun:__________ Time concluded:___________ Field Notes:____________________________________________________________________ Upon completions, you will have several pages, and these are to be handed in along with your study results. Part D Once you have completed your three observations, use your field notes to answer the following questions, which will be incorporated into your results/discussion section of your paper. Does your study confirm any of the different stages or scenarios of cross talk identified by Humphreys? Which ones? What are two or three major insights or questions that emerge from your observations? What did you learn about conducting observations? What additional features would you add to this study in order to make it more comprehensive (further work)? Answer: Introduction The article on the social affect of cell phone technology on the social behavior f the individual by Lee Humphrey shows the experiments and the observations of the author about the changes in the individual behavior. The observation part in the article shows that if an individual is engaged in a phone call then the partner shows expressions of anxiety and annoyance and tries to be engaged in some other activities. Further, the article also determines the use of cell phones in public space to better understand the power dynamics of social relations (Hammersley, 2013). Part A The basic difference between a single and a with as mentioned in the article shows that a person is considered to be single by the society if the person does not have any company (Humphreys, 2005). Compared to the with person the single is considered to be potentially undesirable and is in a vulnerable mental condition. With on the contrary are the individuals showcasing huge accompaniment from different individuals showing a state of social desirability. Cross talk refers to the conversation between one of the partners of with with some other individual over the telecommunication channels like cell phone. Some of the instances of cross talk are seen in cases of cell phone conversations, and outsider disruption in between a conversation (Humphreys, 2005). The first stage of cross talk occurs when the cell phone rings and the person has to decide on how to handle it. The third stage of the cross talk is encountered when a third party interrupts the two parties having face-to-face conversation. The fourth stage of the cross talk occurs when the person interacts with the third party and simultaneously with the partner. The fifth and the rare stage is encountered when the individual interacts with the physical partner and the person over the phone at equal time (Konijn, 2008). Part B Location For observing, the social issues relating to cell phones in public spaces the researcher chose the canteen caf within the university campus. The justification behind the choice of canteen cafes being the large number of social conversations are initiated in these areas and the probability of receiving phone calls are also high in canteens and cafes. The choice of this location helped the researcher to have effective observations. The researcher will take the middle seat in the canteen so that the researcher will have a full view of the overall social environment of the canteen (Weisskirch, 2011). Time setting The researcher conducted the survey twice a week for 30 minutes each allocated for three types of observations. The researcher maintained a gap of one week was in between the observation. The researcher did this alteration to get diverse range of target representatives (DE LAME, 2010). Research question The researcher focused on three types of observations namely observation on social effect of cell phone voice calling, observation on effect of cell phone texting and observation of generation of cross talk in cell phone activities (Salkind, 2010). Observations The researcher selected the cell phone voice calling observation in order to analyze the occurrence of cross talk and the social effect of the same. The observation shows that cross talk occurs when an individual accepts the phone call irrespective of being in middle of a face-to-face conversation. In the first observation it is seen that the since the partner is engaged in phone call hence the single partner tries to occupy himself with activities like reading of the menu card in canteen, focusing on visitors of canteen. The observation shows that because of cross talk the individuals adopt various defense mechanisms. In the second observation, the single person is seen to be engaged in a phone call to avoid the apprehension and annoyance. This keeps the single person engaged in social behavior and is not left alone. In the third observation, the individuals eavesdrop on the cross talk between the partner and the third party. The action is not intentional however, it is a structured action of the single partner in order to avoid (Shaw Allen, 2012). Part D Results and discussions From the observations, it is clear that the stages of cross talk as discovered by Humphrey in the article are relevantly seen in the study. However, the observations do not confirm with the fourth stage of cross talk (Lin, 2010). The other stages of cross talk are present within the observations. The observations made here are in accordance to the cross talk emergence due to phone calls. However, there was no instance of third party cross talk. The first observation confirms with the first stage of cross talk. The third and the fourth stage of cross talk occurs when a third party interrupts a face-to-face conversation and the individual decides to interact with the third party. In the research study since no third party observation is seen hence the third and te fourth stage of cross talk cannot be noticed (Tufford Newman, 2010). From the observation it can be derived that cross talk can be avoided in certain stages by the third party as well as by the individual. The use of the cell phone shows the social behavior of the person and the social obligation of the individual. The research project helped the researcher in understanding the directness of field observation (Baym, 2010). However, the observation process lacks practicability and the researcher had to abide by the social ethics and avoid eavesdropping on the private conversations of the participants. Observer effect is another limitation that occurs in case of observational studies (Miller, 2012). As a future prospect, the researcher can make observational analysis of the other aspects of cell phone behavior. Moreover, the researcher can also conduct a primary data analysis on a selected sample group in order to record their behavior in accordance to use of cell phone in public space. This will further help the researcher to get accurate responses from the participants about their emotions of being single. Moreover, to extend the research the research in future can adopt a study of the new and emerging technologies and explore the social, economical, political and cultural context of the technology (Thyer, 2012). Reference list Baym, N. (2010).Personal connections in the digital age. Cambridge, UK: Polity. DE LAME, D. (2010). The cell phone. An anthropology of communication by Horst, Heather A. and Daniel Miller.Social Anthropology,18(2), 234-235. Hammersley, M. (2013).What is qualitative research?. London: Bloomsbury. Humphreys, L. (2005). Cell phones in Public: Social Interactions in a Wireless Era New Media Society 17(6): 810-833 Konijn, E. (2008).Mediated interpersonal communication. New York: Routledge. Lin, J. (2010). Acquired Cognitive Behavior Changes in Children from Cell-Phone Use [Health Effects.IEEE Microwave,11(4), 112-114. doi:10.1109/mmm.2010.936483 Miller, T. (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. London: SAGE. Salkind, N. (2010).Encyclopedia of research design. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. Shaw, D., Allen, T. (2012). A Systematic Consideration of Observational Design Decisions in the Theory Construction Process.Syst. Res.,29(5), 484-498. doi:10.1002/sres.2157 Thyer, B. (2012). The scientific value of qualitative research for social work.Qualitative Social Work. doi:10.1177/1473325011433928 Tufford, L., Newman, P. (2010). Bracketing in Qualitative Research.Qualitative Social Work,11(1), 80-96. doi:10.1177/1473325010368316 Weisskirch, R. (2011). No Crossed Wires: Cell Phone Communication in Parent-Adolescent Relationships.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking,14(7-8), 447-451. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0455 Appendix Part C: Observations Observation Number: one Location: University Canteen Description of the social environment: Social conversation between two male friends Dates of observations: Day 1 of week 1 Time begun: 11 in the morning Time concluded: 11.30 in the morning Field Notes: One of the partners receives a phone call. He decides to take the call. While he is busy over the call, the other partner distracts himself by staring at the canteen menu. As the call extends the single partner shows actions of annoyance. Observation Number: two Location: University Canteen Description of the social environment: An ongoing social conversation is noted between a male and a female participant Dates of observations: Day 4 of week 2 Time begun: 4 O clock in the evening Time concluded: 4.30 in the evening Field Notes: The male participant receives a phone call and decides to attend the call. The female partner being left single decides to make a phone call to a certain person as a form of defense mechanism in order to avoid being single. Observation Number: Three Location: University Caf Description of the social environment: Two female participants are engaged in a deep conversation Dates of observations: Day 15 of week 9 Time begun: 2.30 in the afternoon Time concluded: 3.00 in the afternoon Field Notes: one of the female participants receives a phone call in between the deep conversation and decides to attend it. Initially the partners shows annoyance and as the phone conversation proceeds the other female partner unintentionally eavesdrop on the private conversation of her partner.